MiddLab

Middle East Studies

Visit the Middle East Studies department site.

A MiddLab Project

Brazil’s Bolsa Familia: Do Local Governments Matter?

Brazil’s Bolsa Família program is a conditional cash transfer scheme that has been hailed for dramatically reducing poverty and inequality since its launch in 2003. Under the scheme, qualifying families receive a monthly stipend on the condition that they fulfill certain requirements in health and education. Although the Bolsa Família is a federal program, each of Brazil’s 5, 564 municipalities play an important role in its local implementation. Using a combination of regression analysis and four case studies from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of local government capacity on beneficiaries’ health and education. I find that municipalities with higher administrative capacity – more developed collaboration across sectors and more competent staff – are likely to be more effective in implementing the BFP, as observed by higher monitoring rates. As a result, the percentage of beneficiaries who comply with the program’s health and education requirements is likely to be higher in these municipalities. The paper concludes that local governments are critical actors in the success of this program and calls for policymakers to build administrative capacity through a combination of incentives and regulations.

People

Researcher: Pui Shen Yoong

Advisors: Professor Jessica Teets (Political Science),

Professor John Maluccio (Economics)

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Full Report

Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

Who was Sendero Luminoso? The Actors and Motivations Behind the Shining Path of Peru

This thesis presents the internal conflict in Peru from the perspective of the Peruvian peasantry in order to analyze and determine who joined, as well as the why they joined, including the various factors that may have motivated these people to join the Shining Path. Basing my analysis on a variety of individuals using the Truth and Reconciliation Committee’s documents as well as other sources, I explore specific cases to determine the relationship between individual motivations and Sendero’s group cohesion. I stress that many of the motivating reasons and problems academics describe such as socio economic disparity, colonial and feudal legacies, racism towards the indigenous, and lack of state presence are still issues present in Peru making certain kinds of citizens susceptible to terrorism under alternative leadership. The state’s process of the dehumanization of terrorists and the lack of attention paid to their testimonies parallels the lack of interest in terrorist motivations. Furthermore, this thesis warns against the dangers of this process as it propagates the faulty idea that military intervention will solve this complex issue that continues to affect Peru’s security.

People

Thesis Advisors: Jeff Cason and Roberto Pareja

Mellon Grant Project Advisor: Enrique García

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Who was Sendero Luminoso? The Actors and Motivations Behind the Shining Path of Peru

Student Spring Symposium Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

English, Arabic, and Diglossia: Protest Language in the 2011 Egypt Demonstrations

Learn more about Arabic and Middle East Studies at Middlebury College.

This is a linguistic survey of the written language used by protesters in the 2011 demonstrations in Egypt. The hypothesis is that Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and English are all used for specific purposes in specific contexts. As such, the literal messages across these three categories may differ, as they are aimed at different audiences. In addition, the case will be made that the specific linguistic situation of Arabic (especially the factors of Diglossia and English dominance as a global language that are not paralleled in other linguistic communities undergoing demonstrations. Twitter tweets, Facebook posts, and online blogs of the protesters will be the major sources of material. The Nile Valley variants will be the primary focus.

People

Eric Bartolotti
Researcher

Nader Morkus
Sponsor & Visiting Assistant Professor

Samuel Liebhaber
Sponsor & Assistant Professor of Arabic

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Symposium Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

CCSRE Life Stories Project: Claudia Cooper

Learn more about the Comparative Study of Race and Ethnicity at Middlebury College.

“Life Stories of Middlebury College” is a multi-phase initiative intended to gather people’s experiences while at the college, particularly reflections that highlight issues of diversity. In her interview, Claudia Cooper talk about teaching literature with Middlebury College students in Africa, her work in advocacy for community building to overcome AIDS, adopting a foreign-born child, and the feeling of difference at home and abroad.

People

Claudia Cooper
Visiting Assistant Professor of English & American Literature & Education Studies

Susan Burch
Associate Professor of American Studies; Director, CCSRE; Head of Life Stories project

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Interview Transcript

A MiddLab Project

Team Peru: Empowering Indigenous Communities towards Sustainable Development in the Sacred Valley

Learn more about Immersive Learning at MIIS.

People

Aaron Ebner (MPA ’11)

Tina Novero (MPA ’11)

Adam Stieglitz (MPA ’11)

Chui Archuleta

Danielle Johnson

Elsa Figueroa

Kat Gordon

Hilda Diaz

Brian Dean

Natalie Sherman

Elma Paulauskaite

Jeanne Amrein

Jessica Torres Pujols

Noelia González

Danny Gallant

Marina Savinovich

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Team Peru Report Summer 2010

Since 2009, Team Peru has sent two teams a year to Peru’s Sacred Valley where they collaborate with local leaders to initiate sustainable agriculture and health education projects. This summer, Team Peru will establish a permanent office in Cusco to maintain projects year round.

A MiddLab Project

Buying Out the Poor? Bolsa Familia and the 2010 Elections in Brazil

Learn more about Politics & Economics and Latin America at Middlebury College.

Hailed for reducing poverty and inequality in Brazil, the Bolsa Familia program (PBF) is the largest conditional cash transfer program in the world. Critics, however, have accused President Lula and his party of indirectly ‘buying’ the poor vote through the PBF. This research investigates the relationship between the PBF and the voting patterns of its recipients in the recent elections. Is the PBF an apolitical poverty reduction strategy? Does it influence the formation of political preferences? Based on interviews conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, I focus on the beneficiaries’ own perception of the program, exploring the concepts of “ownership” and “clientelism” in social welfare.

People

Pui Shen Yoong
Researcher

Svea Closser
Sponsor & Assistant Professor of Sociology & Anthropology

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Symposium Presentation Slides

Full Report

Brazilian Press Coverage

Dilma atinge 40% entre participantes do Bolsa Família

Dilma diz que quer ser ‘mãe à altura’ dos brasileiros

Antes das eleições CEF erra e paga Bolsa Família maior

Prefeita relata prática de angraiar votos para Lula com programa federal

Plínio quer quadruplicar beneficiarios do Bolsa Familia e reduzir tempo do auxilio

Em Pernambuco Lula defende o Bolsa Familia

Norma do governo distribuída a prefeitos diz que próximo gestor pode mudar regras do Bolsa Família

Para PSDB, PT faz terrorismo com mensagem sobre recadastramento do Bolsa Familia. Governo nega acusão

No radio Serra garante continuidade do Bolsa Familia, Dilma fala sobre PAC

Em Santa Catarina, Marina diz que não fará ‘aventuras econômicas’ se for eleita

A MiddLab Project

Geographies of Access: A Spatial Analysis of Access to Public Obstetric Services for Migrant Populations in Buenos Aires

Learn more about Geography & Latin American Studies at Middlebury College.

Transformations in Argentine immigration and healthcare policy have collided to create a dynamic landscape of public health utilization in Buenos Aires. This study presents empirically grounded analysis of healthcare utilization in the wake of these policy changes by examining the spatial distribution of 841 patients receiving obstetric services at Hospital Rivadavia in 2009. Analysis carried out at both the individual level and aggregated by partido reveals patterns in both the relative utilization of public healthcare services by migrants compared to native Argentines as well as the spatial distribution of patients, and in particular, migrant patients. The results of this study suggest that utilization of public obstetric services at Hospital Rivadavia by migrants is significantly higher than that of native Argentines and finds the distribution of migrant patients to be spatially clustered. These results have important implications for future immigration policy and healthcare provision at municipal, national, and international scales.

People

Nora Hirozawa
Researcher

Peter Nelson
Sponsor & Associate Professor of Geography

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Symposium Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

Between Traditional Practice and Secular Law: Examining Honor Killings in Modern Turkey

Learn more about International Studies and Middle East Studies at Middlebury College.

Turkey maintains the image of a country bridging the divide between the Middle East and Europe; however, the continued prevalence of honor killings testifies to the difficulty in uprooting traditional patriarchal practices that remain widespread throughout the country. Although the Turkish government has enacted legal reforms – for instance, in 2002 and 2004 – aimed at eradicating the practice, new laws have been mostly ineffective and evidence indicates that both honor killings and the practice of “honor suicides” are actually increasing. My research explores this tension between secular government laws banning honor crimes and the continuation of honor killings within traditional and tribal communities. I argue that despite government efforts to educate the Turkish populace and institute legal reforms, the complex relationship between the cultural, patriarchal, and religious bases of honor killings makes it challenging to eradicate this practice in modern Turkish society.

People

Clara Rubin
Researcher

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Symposium Presentation Slides

Essay; Between Traditional Practice and Secular Law: Examining Honor Killings in Modern Turkey

A MiddLab Project

Why National Memory Matters: A Study of National Identity and Historical Responsibility in Contemporary Germany and Italy

Learn more about Italian and German at Middlebury College.

It is impossible to understand a nation’s motivations and actions without being familiar with its national identity and the circumstances that shaped it. In the early twentieth century, Germany and Italy were both governed by authoritarian regimes that intertwined extreme nationalism with fascist ideology. After WWII, each nation faced the difficult task of redefining the political, social, and ethical terms of its national identity. We ask the question “How did Italy and Germany come to terms with their fascist past, and to what extent is the legacy of fascism still alive in national discourse?” Our research, which uses Italian, German and English sources, shows that despite underlying similarities, each nation has taken a different approach to integrating their fascist past into national identity. We look, for example, at how Hitler and Mussolini are differently remembered and the effect of their political and cultural legacies. The larger aim of this presentation is to show how, generally speaking, memory is a key factor in national identity.

People

Ashley Litzenberger
Mark Turpin
Researchers

Natasha Chang
Sponsor & Professor of Italian

Natalie Eppelsheimer
Sponsor & Assistant Professor of German

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Symposium Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

Poverty Alleviation North and South of the Himalayas: Why has China Alleviated More Poverty than India?

Learn more about Political Science and South Asian Studies at Middlebury College.

Despite unbelievable economic growth rates averaging between 8-10% in 2009 and bright economic prospects, China and India have become two of the largest contributors to world poverty. However, China has been able to alleviate more poverty than India. I believe that there are lessons to be learnt from China’s success. Thus, I will compare both nations and examine the impact of provincial politics (decentralization) on poverty alleviation to determine why China has been able to alleviate more poverty than India. Since China and India are populous, large countries, there is a strong presence of state-level political institutions, which guide policy implementation. I will, thus, examine the cases of Sichuan and Anhui in China and Kerala andBihar in India. The contrast between the success of Sichuan and Kerala and failures of Anhui and Bihar will provide insight on the impact of decentralization and effectiveness of policy implementation towards poverty alleviation.

People

Ruchi Singh
Researcher

Jessica Teets
Sponsor & Assistant Professor of Political Science

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Symposium Presentation Slides

A MiddLab Project

The Role of Nuclear Energy in India’s Future with Regards to CO2 Emissions

Learn more about Environmental Studies and South Asian Studies at Middlebury College.

The Indo-US 123 agreement will allow nuclear energy to become a vital part in India’s domestic energy supply. Nuclear energy could provide India 35% of its energy supply by 2050, reducing its CO2 emissions. It will substitute for the energy baseline which has been fossil-fuel based until now. India is the third highest CO2 emitter globally and the role of nuclear energy as a baseline will be vital to CO2 emission reduction goals. Foreign involvement in the Indian nuclear sector will aid the development of India’s three-stage programme, which will help to sustain its growing energy demand. In addition to providing an alternate baseline to coal, nuclear energy will increase domestic self-sustainability and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in a cost-effective manner. As a combination of multiple efforts, domestic, bi-lateral and international, the nuclear energy transition will assume an important role in India and this represents successful global environmental policy.

People

Siddheshwar Singh
Researcher

Jon Isham
Sponsor & Associate Professor of Economics

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Symposium Presentation Slides

Research Paper

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). “CANDU Reactors.”

Bagchi, Indrani. The Times of India. “N-deal: Getting NSG nod may not be easy.” August 2008.

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). “Bhabha Atomic Research Centre: Founder: Heritage.”

Central Electricity Authority (CEA). “Government of India: Ministry of Power: Central Electricity Authority.”

Chanana, Dweep. “The Indo-US Nuclear Deal: A Post-Henry Hyde Act Analysis.” The Discomfort Zone. Planetd. 18 December 2006.

CNN-IBN. “The Big Story: NSG clears nuclear waiver for India.” September 2008.

Colors of India. “First Nuclear Power Plant in India.”

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). “Atomic Energy Establishments in India.” DAE.

Godsberg, Alicia. Federation of American Scientists. “Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [NPT].”

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR). “Government of India: Department of Atomic Energy: Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research.” October 2010.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). “Stakeholder Involvement in Nuclear Issues.” September 2006.

International Monetary Fund (IMF). “SDRs per Currency unit and Currency units per SDR last five days.” October 2010.

Kiran. “Greenpeace’s India 2050 Energy Scenario.” The Indic View. Blogspot, 10 April 2007.

Lomax, Simon. Bloomberg. “India Coal Imports May Rise to 100 Million Tons on Power Demand.” May 2010.

McDermott, Matthew. Treehugger. “India’s Draft Solar Power Plan Sees 200,000 MW Installed By 2050.” June 2009.

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Government of India. “India: Taking On Climate Change – Post-Copenhagen Domestic Actions.” 30 June 2010.

Neuhof, Florian. Utilities-me. “Lighting up India.” August 2010.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). “Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited: A Government of India Enterprise.” October 2010.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). “Plants Under Operation.” September 2010.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). “Projects Under Construction.”

Nuclear Weapon Archive (NWA). “India’s Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974.”

Page, Jeremy. The Times. “India promises 12,000% boost in nuclear capacity by 2050.” September 2009.

Press Trust of India (PTI). The Hindu. “N-deal: India says reprocessing talks will take time.” November 2009.

PRS Legislative Research (PRS). “Bill Summary: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010.” May 2010.

Rajesh, Y.P. Indian Express. “Nuclear deal crucial to meet India’s energy needs: Kakodkar.” July 2010.

Science Daily. “Climate Change: Halving Carbon Dioxide Emissions By 2050 Could Stabilize Global Warming.” May 2009.

United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). “Millennium Development Goals Indicators.” June 2010.

World Nuclear Association (WNA). “Nuclear Power in France.” October 2010.

World Nuclear Association (WNA). “Nuclear Power Reactors.” October 2009.

Yahoo! Finance, India. “Indian Rupee to U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate.” October 2010.

A MiddLab Project

Creating a National Ideal: How Baseball Drove Bushido in 20th Century Japan

Learn more about History and Japanese at Middlebury College

Baseball is certainly Japan’s most popular sport, in part because players there are said to embody bushido, an ancient set of values said to have described samurai gentlemen of old. However, bushido is far from timeless and unchanging. Instead, it is a dynamic term that has changed, especially in the 20th Century, as Japanese society has struggled to maintain its unique identity despite the homogenizing pressures of globalization. I argue that baseball players bring about this change by setting examples for the rest of society, and that as the behavior of players has evolved, the popular perception of bushido and the way Japanese citizens idealize their own history has evolved right with them.

People

Adam Lee
Researcher

Neil Waters
Sponsor & Kawashima Professor of Japanese Studies

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Symposium Presentation Slides

Thesis Title Page

Thesis Paper

A MiddLab Project

The Raja of Sattara and British Power in 19th Century India

Learn more about History and South Asian Studies at Middlebury College.

One way of understanding British power in India is by looking at British policies in individual states. Beginning in 1818, the state of Sattara was ruled by an Indian prince called a Raja, who was directly put into power by the East India Company. Two decades later, the East India Company came into the possession of documents which questioned the Raja’s allegiance to the Company, British troops within India, and even Great Britain itself. Even with the knowledge that these documents were falsified, however, the British deposed the Raja of Sattara after an insufficient and politicized investigation into his supposed crimes. An examination of the fall of the Raja provides a glimpse into British power in India.

People

Samuel Hurt
Researcher

Ian Barrow
Sponsor and Professor of History

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Presentation Slides [PowerPoint]

A MiddLab Project

21st-Century Global Challenges: The Promise of Social Entrepreneurship

Learn more about creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, MiddCORE, and Education in Action at Middlebury and MIIS.

In a January 2011 Winter Term Class, “Twenty-First Century Global Challenges,” 21 Middlebury students studied great challenges of our time – including wide-scale poverty, climate change, and the struggle for human rights. They then analyzed how social entrepreneurs – individuals and groups who are developing new ways to attack systematic problems – are taking on these challenges. For example, Nina Cameron ’12 studied how the Global Network is trying to reduce the prevalence of neglected tropical diseases; Erin Kelly ’13 studied how the University of the People is providing tuition-free higher-education throughout the developing world. The students also spend much of the course developing a vision for a new center for social entrepreneurship based at Middlebury College. On this MiddLab, we report the ongoing results of this work.

People

Jonathan Isham, Jr.
Professor of Economics

Wahid Ahmed
Catherine Brown
Nina Cameron
Brian Clow
Thomas Crocker
Matthew Engel
Stuart Fram
Allison Grant
Mark Hannah
Paul Hildebrand
Aaron Kelly
Claire McIlvennie
Olivia Noble
Bradley Osborn
Devin Perkins
Hilary Platt
Jeronimo Riefkohl
Martin Sweeney
Rhidaya Trivedi
Kenneth Williams
Nicole Williams

The Ripple Effect in India

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Reducing the prevalence of neglected tropical diseases – Nina Cameron ’12

Increasing access to tertiary education in the developing world – Aaron Kelly ’13

A vision for the Hassenfeld Center at Middlebury College – the students of ES380

A 2007 paper on social entrepreneurship at Middlebury – David Hopkins ’07.5

Social Entrepreneurship Collaboratories – Gordon Bloom (Harvard ’82)

A recent talk from Bill Gates on Education for the Real World

A MiddLab Project

One Less, Una Menos: Students Working to End Human Trafficking

Learn more about the Public Administration program at the Monterey Institute.

One Less, Una Menos, a non-profit founded by Monterey Institute students, partners with organizations in the San Jose area to end human trafficking.

Last semester a group of students in the Master of Public Administration program completed a case study of One Less, primarily addressing organizational sustainability in the young nonprofit start-up.

People

Adriana Taboada

Elizabeth Carlson-Bast

Johanna Lounsbury

Tahmina Karimova

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One Less Action Research Report

A MiddLab Project

Enterprise Land Use in the Russian Federation

Learn more about Russian and Economics at Middlebury College.

What is the state of urban industrial land use in Russia today? Why did the 2001 Land Code reforms fail, and what is more, why does successful reform have yet to be instated? What are the economic effects of ineffective land reform in Russia, and are there legal or other effects, as well? Most importantly, which amendments need to be considered in order to create effective Russian land policy?

People

Casey Mahoney & Jessica Stevens
Researchers

William Pyle
Associate Professor of Economics and Project Sponsor

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View the full poster.

More resources, with descriptions are collected on our project blog.

A MiddLab Project

Dialogues of Tradition and Nationality in the Legal Systems of Cameroon’s Muslim North

Learn more about Sociology & Anthropology at Middlebury College.

During my study abroad experience with SIT’s Development and Social Change program in Cameroon, I spent six weeks in Ngaoundéré, a large town in the country’s Muslim North. Using surveys, interviews, and secondary materials I examined the relationship between the national secular legal system and traditional Islamic Fulbe law. My goal was to explore the balance between the two systems and identify areas of tension.

People

Eleanor Johnstone
Researcher

Michael Sheridan
Associate Professor of Anthropology & Sponsor

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Presentation Slides

Watch the Presentation with Slides (requires RealMedia player)

A MiddLab Project

The Splendor of Europe: Art Markets in Antwerp, Amsterdam, and London

Learn more about the History of Art & Architecture at Middlebury College.

This research explores these markets from cultural, geographic, political, and economic angles, concentrating on an aspect peculiar to each city. Thanks in part to its strategic crossroads location, the Antwerp market developed earliest, nurturing a dynamic, cosmopolitan scene. In Amsterdam, we shall also discuss financial difficulties that artists, notably Rembrandt, may have faced. Lastly, we shall leave the continent, venturing across the English Channel to roost in London, which itself came to showcase a glittering auction and art market, dominated by the royalty and aristocracy.

People

Sophia Wang
Researcher

Pieter Broucke
Professor of History of Art and Architecture; Associate Curator of Ancient Art

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Presentation Slides

Watch the Presentation with the Slides (RealMedia)

Photos of the Greece Versus Rome Exhibit:

A MiddLab Project

Made in Tianguis: Informal Commerce in Guadalajara, Mexico

Learn more about International Programs & Off-Campus Study at Middlebury College.

Guadalajara, Mexico’s second-largest city, has grown and thrived primarily through commerce. Often the most important kind of commerce in the city is informal buying and selling at unfixed prices in unfixed or temporary locations. Important aspects of Tapatían (Guadalajaran) culture are represented in the day-to-day activity of street vendors and tianguis (open-air markets). This presentation is adapted from a long-form essay (in Spanish), written during a semster on Middlebury’s program in Guadalajara.

People

J.P. Allen
Researcher

Nicole Chance
Coordinator of International Programs & Sponsor

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Presentation Slides

Watch the Presentation with the Slides (RealMedia)

A MiddLab Project

El Salvador Practicum: Collaborating for Sustainable Community Development

Learn more about Translation & Interpretation at MIIS.

Last January fifteen intrepid graduate students (aka Team Monterey 4) traveled to the Bajo Lempa region of El Salvador to tackle agricultural, water access, and conservation issues. Visit the Equipo Monterey blog to explore their adventures searching for illicit turtle eggs at the local markets, or designing workshops for food producers to share knowledge and potential growth strategies.

People

Adele Negro
Program Directory and Language Faculty

Lucy Jodlowska
Communications and Outreach Coordinator

Robert Taggart
Logistics Coordinator

Amy Holste
Fundraising and Development Coordinator

Ryan Gonzalez
Recruitment and Applications Coordinator

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Memorandum of Understanding between La Coordinadora – Asociación Mangle (LC-AM) and MIIS

El Salvador: January 2010 gallery

Team Monterey 3 YouTube Channel

A MiddLab Project

Gastronomic Hierarchies of Value: the Market for French AOC Wines

Learn more about International Studies and Sociology & Anthropology at Middlebury College.

The business model of the food industry, as it stands today, is unsustainable. To counter these negative trends, organizations like Slow Food International have begun to champion the importance of “quality” for health, the environment, and the art of gastronomy. But what does quality mean and what will be its impact on the global food industry? An analysis of wines produced in France and labeled with the government-sponsored quality certification system, Appelation d’Origine Contrôlée, reveals that an emphasis on quality and geography, rather than brand, makes the food market more monopolistically competitive, more inclusive yet hierarchical.

People

Emily Gullickson
Researcher

Thierry Warin
Sponsor and Associate Professor of Economics

Lynn Owens
Sponsor and Assistant Professor of Sociology

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Presentation Slides

Watch the Presentation with the Slides (RealMedia)

A MiddLab Project

The Population-level Impact of Density-dependent Seedling Mortality of Big-leaf Mahogany

Learn more about Biology and Environmental Studies at Middlebury College.

A high mortality of seeds and seedlings has been documented in areas of high conspecific adult density as a result of increased predation and disease. Although this phenomenon has received significant attention in the scientific literature, the long-term evolutionary and ecological impact of density-dependent seedling mortality remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study is to determine the population-level impact of density-dependent seedling mortality on heavily exploited big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla).

People

Chris Free
Researcher

Matt Landis
Faculty Sponsor

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Watch the Presentation with Slides (requires RealMedia player)

Presentation Slides

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